Vitamin C, uric acid, and glutathione gradients in murine stratum corneum and their susceptibility to ozone exposure

The stratum corneum has been recognized as the main cutaneous oxidation target of atmospheric ozone (O₃), a major part of photochemical smog. This study reports the presence and distribution of vitamin C, glutathione, and uric acid in murine stratum corneum, and evaluates their susceptibility to acute environmental exposure to O₃. Based on tape stripping and a modified extraction method with high performance liquid chromatography electrochemical analysis, we detected vitamin C (208.0 ± 82.5 pmol per 10 consecutive pooled tapes), glutathione (283.7 ± 96.3), and uric acid (286.4 ± 47.1) in murine stratum corneum as compared with only 16.5 ± 1.4 pmol α-tocopherol. Vitamin C, glutathione (both p < 00.001), and urate (p < 0.01) were found to exhibit a gradient with the lowest concentrations in the outer layers and a steep increase in the deeper layers. To investigate the effect of O₃ exposure on hydrophilic antioxidants, we exposed SKH-1 hairless mice to O₃ concentrations of 0, 0.8, 1, and 10 p.p.m., and stratum corneum was analyzed before and after exposure. Whereas mock exposure with 0 p.p.m, for 2 h had no significant effect, O₃ doses of 1 p.p.m. for 2 h and above showed depletion of all three antioxidants. Vitamin C was decreased to 80% ± 15% of its pretreatment content (p<0.05), GSH to 41% ± 24% (p < 0.01), and uric acid to 44% ± 28% (p < 0.01). This report demonstrates the previously unrecognized role of hydrophilic antioxidants in the stratum corneum and provides further evidence that O₃ induces oxidative stress in this outer skin layer.