The use of ultrasonography for the study of the bovine reproductive tract. I. Normal and pathological ovarian structures

In order to augment rectal palpation, real time B mode ultrasonography, using a 5 MHz transducer and a linear array scanner, was used as a diagnostic aid in routine dairy herd fertility work (n= approximately 360) and in approximately 90 other cows immediately prior to slaughter. Cows and heifers were examined during various stages of their estrous cycles and pregnancy over a four month period. The ultrasound images were consistent with rectal palpation and visual examination of dissected specimens. Representative images of the ovarian structures commonly encountered are presented. Ultrasonography was a useful adjunct to conventional examination in establishing a diagnosis. Contrary to previous reports, some manipulation of the reproductive tract was necessary in order to completely view the ovaries via ultrasound; this manipulation added to the time required to perform a routine examination. Although cost, delicacy of the equipment, and time required for an examination currently preclude the complete replacement of bovine rectal palpation by ultrasound, the ultrasound machine is easy to use and can augment palpation in individual animals that present diagnostic problems.