Segmentation of breast masses on dedicated breast computed tomography and three-dimensional breast ultrasound images

We present and evaluate a method for the three-dimensional (3-D) segmentation of breast masses on dedicated breast computed tomography (bCT) and automated 3-D breast ultrasound images. The segmentation method, refined from our previous segmentation method for masses on contrast-enhanced bCT, includes two steps: (1) initial contour estimation and (2) active contour-based segmentation to further evolve and refine the initial contour by adding a local energy term to the level-set equation. Segmentation performance was assessed in terms of Dice coefficients (DICE) for 129 lesions on noncontrast bCT, 38 lesions on contrast-enhanced bCT, and 98 lesions on 3-D breast ultrasound (US) images. For bCT, DICE values of 0.82 and 0.80 were obtained on contrast-enhanced and noncontrast images, respectively. The improvement in segmentation performance with respect to that of our previous method was statistically significant (p=0.002). Moreover, segmentation appeared robust with respect to the presence of glandular tissue. For 3-D breast US, the DICE value was 0.71. Hence, our method obtained promising results for both 3-D imaging modalities, laying a solid foundation for further quantitative image analysis and potential future expansion to other 3-D imaging modalities.