TY - JOUR
T1 - Sarcopenia among patients receiving hemodialysis
T2 - Weighing the evidence
AU - Kittiskulnam, Piyawan
AU - Carrero, Juan J.
AU - Chertow, Glenn M.
AU - Kaysen, George
AU - Delgado, Cynthia
AU - Johansen, Kirsten L.
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - Background: There is no consensus on how best to define low muscle mass in patients with end-stage renal disease. Use of muscle mass normalized to height-squared has been suggested by geriatric societies but may underestimate sarcopenia, particularly in the setting of excess adiposity. We compared four definitions of low muscle mass in a prevalent hemodialysis cohort. Methods: ACTIVE/ADIPOSE enrolled prevalent patients receiving hemodialysis from the San Francisco and Atlanta areas from June 2009 to August 2011. Whole-body muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, performed before a midweek dialysis session (n=645; age 56.7±14.5years, 41% women). We defined low muscle mass as muscle mass of 2SD or more below sex-specific bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy-derived means for young adults (18-49years) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and indexed to height2, body weight (percentage), body surface area (BSA) by the DuBois formula, or Quételet's body mass index (BMI). We compared prevalence of low muscle mass among the four methods and assessed their correlation with strength and physical performance. Results: The prevalence of low muscle mass ranged from 8 to 32%. Muscle mass indexed to height2 classified the smallest percentage of patients as having low muscle mass, particularly among women, whereas indexing by BSA classified the largest percentage. Low muscle mass/height2 was present almost exclusively among normal or underweight patients, whereas indexing to body weight and BMI classified more overweight and obese patients as having low muscle mass. Handgrip strength was lower among those with low muscle mass by all methods except height2. Handgrip strength was directly and modestly correlated with muscle mass normalized by percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI (ρ=0.43, 0.56, and, 0.64, respectively) and less so with muscle/height2 (ρ=0.31, P<0.001). The difference in grip strength among patients with low vs. normal muscle mass was largest according to muscle/BMI (-6.84kg, 95% CI -8.66 to -5.02, P<0.001). There were significant direct correlations of gait speed with muscle mass indexed to percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI but not with muscle mass indexed to height2. Conclusions: Skeletal muscle mass normalized to height2 may underestimate the prevalence of low muscle mass, particularly among overweight and obese patients on hemodialysis. Valid detection of sarcopenia among obese patients receiving hemodialysis requires adjustment for body size.
AB - Background: There is no consensus on how best to define low muscle mass in patients with end-stage renal disease. Use of muscle mass normalized to height-squared has been suggested by geriatric societies but may underestimate sarcopenia, particularly in the setting of excess adiposity. We compared four definitions of low muscle mass in a prevalent hemodialysis cohort. Methods: ACTIVE/ADIPOSE enrolled prevalent patients receiving hemodialysis from the San Francisco and Atlanta areas from June 2009 to August 2011. Whole-body muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, performed before a midweek dialysis session (n=645; age 56.7±14.5years, 41% women). We defined low muscle mass as muscle mass of 2SD or more below sex-specific bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy-derived means for young adults (18-49years) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and indexed to height2, body weight (percentage), body surface area (BSA) by the DuBois formula, or Quételet's body mass index (BMI). We compared prevalence of low muscle mass among the four methods and assessed their correlation with strength and physical performance. Results: The prevalence of low muscle mass ranged from 8 to 32%. Muscle mass indexed to height2 classified the smallest percentage of patients as having low muscle mass, particularly among women, whereas indexing by BSA classified the largest percentage. Low muscle mass/height2 was present almost exclusively among normal or underweight patients, whereas indexing to body weight and BMI classified more overweight and obese patients as having low muscle mass. Handgrip strength was lower among those with low muscle mass by all methods except height2. Handgrip strength was directly and modestly correlated with muscle mass normalized by percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI (ρ=0.43, 0.56, and, 0.64, respectively) and less so with muscle/height2 (ρ=0.31, P<0.001). The difference in grip strength among patients with low vs. normal muscle mass was largest according to muscle/BMI (-6.84kg, 95% CI -8.66 to -5.02, P<0.001). There were significant direct correlations of gait speed with muscle mass indexed to percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI but not with muscle mass indexed to height2. Conclusions: Skeletal muscle mass normalized to height2 may underestimate the prevalence of low muscle mass, particularly among overweight and obese patients on hemodialysis. Valid detection of sarcopenia among obese patients receiving hemodialysis requires adjustment for body size.
KW - Gait speed
KW - Handgrip strength
KW - Hemodialysis
KW - Low muscle mass
KW - Sarcopenia
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84981502655&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84981502655&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/jcsm.12130
DO - 10.1002/jcsm.12130
M3 - Article
C2 - 27897415
AN - SCOPUS:84981502655
JO - Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
JF - Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
SN - 2190-5991
ER -