Pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

DKA occurs frequently in children who have diabetes, particularly at the time of diagnosis. Greater efforts are necessary to promote earlier recognition of new onset of diabetes so that DKA can be prevented and to avoid subsequent occurrences of DKA in children who have established diabetes. Further research is also necessary to understand and prevent cerebral edema, the most serious complication of DKA. International recommendations for DKA treatment in children recently were published and will be helpful in standardizing the treatment of this condition [94,95].