Abstract
In an observational epidemiologic study, an investigator observes what is occurring in a study population without intervening. Observational studies may be descriptive or analytic. Examples of analytic studies include case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, and ecologic studies, as well as hybrid designs. Measures of association often estimated from observational studies include relative risks, hazard ratios, odds ratios, standardized mortality (or incidence) ratios, and attributable fractions. Bias from inadequate measurement, suboptimal selection of study participants, and uncontrolled confounding is often of concern in observational studies. To assist in reaching conclusions, guidelines have been developed for evaluating the strength of evidence that an exposure is causally related to a disease.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Title of host publication | International Encyclopedia of Public Health |
| Publisher | Elsevier Inc. |
| Pages | 295-307 |
| Number of pages | 13 |
| ISBN (Electronic) | 9780128037089 |
| ISBN (Print) | 9780128036785 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Oct 6 2016 |
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Keywords
- Bias
- Case-control study
- Causal criteria
- Cohort study
- Confounding
- Cross-sectional study
- Descriptive study
- Ecologic study
- Effect modification
- Epidemiology
- Hazard ratio
- Measurement error
- Observational study
- Odds ratio
- Relative risk
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine(all)
Cite this
Observational Epidemiology. / Kelsey, Jennifer L.; Gold, Ellen B.
International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Elsevier Inc., 2016. p. 295-307.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter
}
TY - CHAP
T1 - Observational Epidemiology
AU - Kelsey, Jennifer L.
AU - Gold, Ellen B
PY - 2016/10/6
Y1 - 2016/10/6
N2 - In an observational epidemiologic study, an investigator observes what is occurring in a study population without intervening. Observational studies may be descriptive or analytic. Examples of analytic studies include case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, and ecologic studies, as well as hybrid designs. Measures of association often estimated from observational studies include relative risks, hazard ratios, odds ratios, standardized mortality (or incidence) ratios, and attributable fractions. Bias from inadequate measurement, suboptimal selection of study participants, and uncontrolled confounding is often of concern in observational studies. To assist in reaching conclusions, guidelines have been developed for evaluating the strength of evidence that an exposure is causally related to a disease.
AB - In an observational epidemiologic study, an investigator observes what is occurring in a study population without intervening. Observational studies may be descriptive or analytic. Examples of analytic studies include case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, and ecologic studies, as well as hybrid designs. Measures of association often estimated from observational studies include relative risks, hazard ratios, odds ratios, standardized mortality (or incidence) ratios, and attributable fractions. Bias from inadequate measurement, suboptimal selection of study participants, and uncontrolled confounding is often of concern in observational studies. To assist in reaching conclusions, guidelines have been developed for evaluating the strength of evidence that an exposure is causally related to a disease.
KW - Bias
KW - Case-control study
KW - Causal criteria
KW - Cohort study
KW - Confounding
KW - Cross-sectional study
KW - Descriptive study
KW - Ecologic study
KW - Effect modification
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Hazard ratio
KW - Measurement error
KW - Observational study
KW - Odds ratio
KW - Relative risk
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85025161884&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85025161884&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00310-6
DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00310-6
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:85025161884
SN - 9780128036785
SP - 295
EP - 307
BT - International Encyclopedia of Public Health
PB - Elsevier Inc.
ER -