Mapping r-loops and rna:Dna hybrids with s9.6-based immunoprecipitation methods

R-loops constitute a prevalent class of transcription-driven non-B DNA structures that occur in all genomes depending on both DNA sequence and topological favorability. In recent years, R-loops have been implicated in a variety of adaptive and maladaptive roles and have been linked to genomic instability in the context of human disorders. As a consequence, the accurate mapping of these structures in genomes is of high interest to many investigators. DRIP-seq (DNA:RNA Immunoprecipitation followed by high throughput sequencing) is described here. It is a robust and reproducible technique that permits accurate and semi-quantitative mapping of R-loops. A recent iteration of the method is also described in which fragmentation is accomplished using sonication (sDRIP-seq), which allows strand-specific and high-resolution mapping of R-loops. sDRIP-seq thus addresses some of the common limitations of the DRIP-seq method in terms of resolution and strandedness, making it a method of choice for R-loop mapping.