Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital defect of the male urethra and phallus. Most boys with hypospadias have no other signs of under-masculinization or congenital malformations. The incidence appears to be increasing in the developed world. Evidence suggests that the etiology of hypospadias is multifactorial and that environmental conditions may have a role in the increasing incidence. The authors review normal male urethral development, epidemiology and the role of maternal-fetal hormone interactions, androgen synthesis, 5α-reductase, androgen receptor, environmental factors and assisted reproductive technology.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 288-295 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews |
| Volume | 1 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| State | Published - Mar 2004 |
Keywords
- Androgen
- Etiology
- Hypospadias
- Male
- Penis
- Testosterone
- Urethra
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
- Internal Medicine
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Cite this
Kurzrock, E. A., & Karpman, E. (2004). Hypospadias: Pathophysiology and etiologic theories. Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews, 1(3), 288-295.