Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Medicaid is the largest payer of mental health (MH) care in the United States, and this role will increase among states that opt into the Medicaid expansion. However, owing to the dearth of MH care providers who accept Medicaid, expanded coverage may not increase access to services. Facilities that provide specialty outpatient MH services and accept Medicaid compose the backbone of the community-based treatment infrastructure for Medicaid enrollees. For states that opt into the expansion, it is important to understand which local communitiesmay face the greatest barriers to access these facilities. OBJECTIVE: To examine the availability of outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid across US counties and whether specific types of communities are more likely to lack this infrastructure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from the 2008 National Survey of Mental Health Treatment Facilities and Area Resource File were merged. A generalized ordered logistic regression with state fixed effects was estimated to examine determinants of accessibility of these facilities. Covariates included the percentages of residents who are black, Hispanic, living in poverty, and living in a rural area. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: An ordered variable assessed whether a county had no access to outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid, intermediate access to these facilities (ie, ≥1 facility, but not top quintile of facility to Medicaid enrollee per capita ratio), or high access (ie, top quintile of facility to Medicaid enrollee per capita ratio). RESULTS: More than one-third of counties do not have any outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid. Communities with a larger percentage of residents who are black (marginal effect [ME] = 3.9%; 95%CI, 1.2%-6.6%), Hispanic (ME = 4.8%; 95%CI, 2.3%-7.4%), or living in a rural area (ME = 27.9%; 95%CI, 25.3%-30.4%) are more likely to lack these facilities. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Many communitiesmay face constraints on theMH safety-net system as Medicaid is expanded, especially rural communities and communities with a large percentage of black or Hispanic residents.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1084-1090 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | JAMA Psychiatry |
| Volume | 70 |
| Issue number | 10 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2013 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Psychiatry and Mental health
- Medicine(all)
Cite this
Geography and the medicaid mental health care infrastructure : Implications for health care reform. / Cummings, Janet R.; Wen, Hefei; Ko, Michelle J; Druss, Benjamin G.
In: JAMA Psychiatry, Vol. 70, No. 10, 2013, p. 1084-1090.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Geography and the medicaid mental health care infrastructure
T2 - Implications for health care reform
AU - Cummings, Janet R.
AU - Wen, Hefei
AU - Ko, Michelle J
AU - Druss, Benjamin G.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - IMPORTANCE: Medicaid is the largest payer of mental health (MH) care in the United States, and this role will increase among states that opt into the Medicaid expansion. However, owing to the dearth of MH care providers who accept Medicaid, expanded coverage may not increase access to services. Facilities that provide specialty outpatient MH services and accept Medicaid compose the backbone of the community-based treatment infrastructure for Medicaid enrollees. For states that opt into the expansion, it is important to understand which local communitiesmay face the greatest barriers to access these facilities. OBJECTIVE: To examine the availability of outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid across US counties and whether specific types of communities are more likely to lack this infrastructure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from the 2008 National Survey of Mental Health Treatment Facilities and Area Resource File were merged. A generalized ordered logistic regression with state fixed effects was estimated to examine determinants of accessibility of these facilities. Covariates included the percentages of residents who are black, Hispanic, living in poverty, and living in a rural area. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: An ordered variable assessed whether a county had no access to outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid, intermediate access to these facilities (ie, ≥1 facility, but not top quintile of facility to Medicaid enrollee per capita ratio), or high access (ie, top quintile of facility to Medicaid enrollee per capita ratio). RESULTS: More than one-third of counties do not have any outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid. Communities with a larger percentage of residents who are black (marginal effect [ME] = 3.9%; 95%CI, 1.2%-6.6%), Hispanic (ME = 4.8%; 95%CI, 2.3%-7.4%), or living in a rural area (ME = 27.9%; 95%CI, 25.3%-30.4%) are more likely to lack these facilities. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Many communitiesmay face constraints on theMH safety-net system as Medicaid is expanded, especially rural communities and communities with a large percentage of black or Hispanic residents.
AB - IMPORTANCE: Medicaid is the largest payer of mental health (MH) care in the United States, and this role will increase among states that opt into the Medicaid expansion. However, owing to the dearth of MH care providers who accept Medicaid, expanded coverage may not increase access to services. Facilities that provide specialty outpatient MH services and accept Medicaid compose the backbone of the community-based treatment infrastructure for Medicaid enrollees. For states that opt into the expansion, it is important to understand which local communitiesmay face the greatest barriers to access these facilities. OBJECTIVE: To examine the availability of outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid across US counties and whether specific types of communities are more likely to lack this infrastructure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from the 2008 National Survey of Mental Health Treatment Facilities and Area Resource File were merged. A generalized ordered logistic regression with state fixed effects was estimated to examine determinants of accessibility of these facilities. Covariates included the percentages of residents who are black, Hispanic, living in poverty, and living in a rural area. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: An ordered variable assessed whether a county had no access to outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid, intermediate access to these facilities (ie, ≥1 facility, but not top quintile of facility to Medicaid enrollee per capita ratio), or high access (ie, top quintile of facility to Medicaid enrollee per capita ratio). RESULTS: More than one-third of counties do not have any outpatient MH facilities that accept Medicaid. Communities with a larger percentage of residents who are black (marginal effect [ME] = 3.9%; 95%CI, 1.2%-6.6%), Hispanic (ME = 4.8%; 95%CI, 2.3%-7.4%), or living in a rural area (ME = 27.9%; 95%CI, 25.3%-30.4%) are more likely to lack these facilities. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Many communitiesmay face constraints on theMH safety-net system as Medicaid is expanded, especially rural communities and communities with a large percentage of black or Hispanic residents.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84885203780&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.377
DO - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.377
M3 - Article
C2 - 23965816
AN - SCOPUS:84885203780
VL - 70
SP - 1084
EP - 1090
JO - JAMA Psychiatry
JF - JAMA Psychiatry
SN - 2168-622X
IS - 10
ER -