TY - JOUR
T1 - Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from BVDV infected alpacas in North America
AU - Kim, Sung G.
AU - Anderson, Renee R.
AU - Yu, Jin Z.
AU - Zylich, Nancy C.
AU - Kinde, Hailu
AU - Carman, Suzanne
AU - Bedenice, Daniela
AU - Dubovi, Edward J.
PY - 2009/5/12
Y1 - 2009/5/12
N2 - Over a three-year period, 2004-2007, greater than 12,000 alpacas in the United States were screened by real-time RT-PCR to identify alpacas persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A total of 46 BVD viruses were isolated from PI alpacas or diagnostic samples from alpacas. Forty-three US alpaca BVDV isolates and 3 Canadian isolates were analyzed by comparison of nucleotide sequences of two viral genomic regions, the 5′-UTR and the Npro gene to determine their genetic relatedness. All 46 alpaca BVDV isolates from 8 different states of the US and Canada were genotype 1b with ≥99% nt identity in the 290-base 5′-UTR region with the exception of one Canadian isolate. In contrast, 21 bovine BVDV isolates collected during the same period were grouped into the typical 3 genotypes, 1a, 1b, and 2, respectively. Forty five alpaca BVDV isolates formed a distinctive cluster separated from closely related bovine genotype 1b isolates by phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR region. Comparison of the 504-base Npro gene sequences of 32 alpaca isolates also assigned them all to type 1b in a similar fashion as observed with the 5′-UTR region. The results suggest that unique genotypes of bovine BVDV 1b may be maintained in the alpaca population even though camelids are susceptible to infection by other genotypes. Further studies are needed to address why alpacas were predominantly infected with genotype 1b BVDV isolates and how bovine BVD viruses evolved to infect alpacas.
AB - Over a three-year period, 2004-2007, greater than 12,000 alpacas in the United States were screened by real-time RT-PCR to identify alpacas persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A total of 46 BVD viruses were isolated from PI alpacas or diagnostic samples from alpacas. Forty-three US alpaca BVDV isolates and 3 Canadian isolates were analyzed by comparison of nucleotide sequences of two viral genomic regions, the 5′-UTR and the Npro gene to determine their genetic relatedness. All 46 alpaca BVDV isolates from 8 different states of the US and Canada were genotype 1b with ≥99% nt identity in the 290-base 5′-UTR region with the exception of one Canadian isolate. In contrast, 21 bovine BVDV isolates collected during the same period were grouped into the typical 3 genotypes, 1a, 1b, and 2, respectively. Forty five alpaca BVDV isolates formed a distinctive cluster separated from closely related bovine genotype 1b isolates by phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR region. Comparison of the 504-base Npro gene sequences of 32 alpaca isolates also assigned them all to type 1b in a similar fashion as observed with the 5′-UTR region. The results suggest that unique genotypes of bovine BVDV 1b may be maintained in the alpaca population even though camelids are susceptible to infection by other genotypes. Further studies are needed to address why alpacas were predominantly infected with genotype 1b BVDV isolates and how bovine BVD viruses evolved to infect alpacas.
KW - Alpaca BVDV
KW - Genotype
KW - Persistent infection
KW - Phylogenetic analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=64649095740&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=64649095740&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.029
DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.029
M3 - Article
C2 - 19059738
AN - SCOPUS:64649095740
VL - 136
SP - 209
EP - 216
JO - Veterinary Microbiology
JF - Veterinary Microbiology
SN - 0378-1135
IS - 3-4
ER -