Enzyme-probe conjugates as analytical tools in diagnostics

Applications of enzymatic detection systems in the context of diagnostics are presented in this article. An overview of detection systems, including those based on non-enzymatic markers such as radioactive, fluorescent and particulate labels, is discussed initially. Direct and indirect strategies for applying detection systems are also presented with respect to the identification of immunoglobulin and nucleic acid probe molecules. Enzymatic detection systems are discussed with an emphasis on chromogenic enzyme reactions. Methods of designing enzymatic assays often involve using molecular bridges between enzyme molecules and the probe species; immunodetection is discussed in this context as well as procedures for attaching immunodetectable moieties to probe molecules. Finally, current and potential developments which may improve the application of enzymatic detection systems are briefly outlined.