Abstract
Background: When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists. Research aim: The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy), immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization (Holder vs. vat techniques) or retort sterilization. Methods: Randomly acquired human milk samples from three different milk banks (n = 3 from each bank) were analyzed for macronutrient concentrations using a Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy human milk analyzer. The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, α antitrypsin, casein, and HMO were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Results: The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly (p <.05) less in the retort sterilized compared with the Holder and vat pasteurized samples, respectively. The concentrations of all immune-modulating proteins were significantly (p <.05) less in the retort sterilized samples compared with vat and/or Holder pasteurized samples. The total HMO concentration and HMOs containing fucose, sialic acid, and nonfucosylated neutral sugars were significantly (p <.05) less in retort sterilized compared with Holder pasteurized samples. Conclusion: Random milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization. These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Journal | Journal of Human Lactation |
| DOIs | |
| State | Accepted/In press - Jun 1 2017 |
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Keywords
- breastfeeding
- human milk
- Human Milk Banking Association of North America
- infant development
- late preterm infant
- milk banking
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
Cite this
Composition and Variation of Macronutrients, Immune Proteins, and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Human Milk From Nonprofit and Commercial Milk Banks. / Meredith-Dennis, Laura; Xu, Gege; Goonatilleke, Elisha; Lebrilla, Carlito B; Underwood, Mark; Smilowitz, Jennifer T.
In: Journal of Human Lactation, 01.06.2017.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Composition and Variation of Macronutrients, Immune Proteins, and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Human Milk From Nonprofit and Commercial Milk Banks
AU - Meredith-Dennis, Laura
AU - Xu, Gege
AU - Goonatilleke, Elisha
AU - Lebrilla, Carlito B
AU - Underwood, Mark
AU - Smilowitz, Jennifer T.
PY - 2017/6/1
Y1 - 2017/6/1
N2 - Background: When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists. Research aim: The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy), immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization (Holder vs. vat techniques) or retort sterilization. Methods: Randomly acquired human milk samples from three different milk banks (n = 3 from each bank) were analyzed for macronutrient concentrations using a Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy human milk analyzer. The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, α antitrypsin, casein, and HMO were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Results: The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly (p <.05) less in the retort sterilized compared with the Holder and vat pasteurized samples, respectively. The concentrations of all immune-modulating proteins were significantly (p <.05) less in the retort sterilized samples compared with vat and/or Holder pasteurized samples. The total HMO concentration and HMOs containing fucose, sialic acid, and nonfucosylated neutral sugars were significantly (p <.05) less in retort sterilized compared with Holder pasteurized samples. Conclusion: Random milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization. These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process.
AB - Background: When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists. Research aim: The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy), immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization (Holder vs. vat techniques) or retort sterilization. Methods: Randomly acquired human milk samples from three different milk banks (n = 3 from each bank) were analyzed for macronutrient concentrations using a Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy human milk analyzer. The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, α antitrypsin, casein, and HMO were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Results: The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly (p <.05) less in the retort sterilized compared with the Holder and vat pasteurized samples, respectively. The concentrations of all immune-modulating proteins were significantly (p <.05) less in the retort sterilized samples compared with vat and/or Holder pasteurized samples. The total HMO concentration and HMOs containing fucose, sialic acid, and nonfucosylated neutral sugars were significantly (p <.05) less in retort sterilized compared with Holder pasteurized samples. Conclusion: Random milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization. These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process.
KW - breastfeeding
KW - human milk
KW - Human Milk Banking Association of North America
KW - infant development
KW - late preterm infant
KW - milk banking
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85041562657&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85041562657&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/0890334417710635
DO - 10.1177/0890334417710635
M3 - Article
C2 - 28614672
AN - SCOPUS:85041562657
JO - Journal of Human Lactation
JF - Journal of Human Lactation
SN - 0890-3344
ER -