Abstract
The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 57-74 |
| Number of pages | 18 |
| Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 489 |
| Issue number | 7414 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 6 2012 |
| Externally published | Yes |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. / Correction Dunham, Ian; Kundaje, Anshul; Aldred, Shelley F.; Collins, Patrick J.; Davis, Carrie A.; Doyle, Francis; Epstein, Charles B.; Frietze, Seth; Harrow, Jennifer; Kaul, Rajinder; Khatun, Jainab; Lajoie, Bryan R.; Landt, Stephen G.; Lee, Bum Kyu; Pauli, Florencia; Rosenbloom, Kate R.; Sabo, Peter; Safi, Alexias; Sanyal, Amartya; Shoresh, Noam; Simon, Jeremy M.; Song, Lingyun; Trinklein, Nathan D.; Altshuler, Robert C.; Birney, Ewan; Brown, James B.; Cheng, Chao; Djebali, Sarah; Dong, Xianjun; Ernst, Jason; Furey, Terrence S.; Gerstein, Mark; Giardine, Belinda; Greven, Melissa; Hardison, Ross C.; Harris, Robert S.; Herrero, Javier; Hoffman, Michael M.; Iyer, Sowmya; Kellis, Manolis; Kheradpour, Pouya; Lassmann, Timo; Li, Qunhua; Lin, Xinying; Marinov, Georgi K.; Merkel, Angelika; Mortazavi, Ali; Parker, Stephen C J; Reddy, Timothy E.; Rozowsky, Joel; Schlesinger, Felix; Thurman, Robert E.; Wang, Jie; Ward, Lucas D.; Whitfield, Troy W.; Wilder, Steven P.; Wu, Weisheng; Xi, Hualin S.; Yip, Kevin Y.; Zhuang, Jiali; Bernstein, Bradley E.; Green, Eric D.; Gunter, Chris; Snyder, Michael; Pazin, Michael J.; Lowdon, Rebecca F.; Dillon, Laura A L; Adams, Leslie B.; Kelly, Caroline J.; Zhang, Julia; Wexler, Judith R.; Good, Peter J.; Feingold, Elise A.; Crawford, Gregory E.; Dekker, Job; Elnitski, Laura; Farnham, Peggy J.; Giddings, Morgan C.; Gingeras, Thomas R.; Guigó, Roderic; Hubbard, Timothy J.; Kent, W. James; Lieb, Jason D.; Margulies, Elliott H.; Myers, Richard M.; Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.; Tenenbaum, Scott A.; Weng, Zhiping; White, Kevin P.; Wold, Barbara; Yu, Yanbao; Wrobel, John; Risk, Brian A.; Gunawardena, Harsha P.; Kuiper, Heather C.; Maier, Christopher W.; Xie, Ling; Chen, Xian; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Gillespie, Shawn; Goren, Alon; Ram, Oren; Zhang, Xiaolan; Wang, Li; Issner, Robbyn; Coyne, Michael J.; Durham, Timothy; Ku, Manching; Truong, Thanh; Eaton, Matthew L.; Dobin, Alex; Tanzer, Andrea; Lagarde, Julien; Lin, Wei; Xue, Chenghai; Williams, Brian A.; Zaleski, Chris; Röder, Maik; Kokocinski, Felix; Abdelhamid, Rehab F.; Alioto, Tyler; Antoshechkin, Igor; Baer, Michael T.; Batut, Philippe; Bell, Ian; Bell, Kimberly; Chakrabortty, Sudipto; Chrast, Jacqueline; Curado, Joao; Derrien, Thomas; Drenkow, Jorg; Dumais, Erica; Dumais, Jackie; Duttagupta, Radha; Fastuca, Megan; Fejes-Toth, Kata; Ferreira, Pedro; Foissac, Sylvain; Fullwood, Melissa J.; Gao, Hui; Gonzalez, David; Gordon, Assaf; Howald, Cédric; Jha, Sonali; Johnson, Rory; Kapranov, Philipp; King, Brandon; Kingswood, Colin; Li, Guoliang; Luo, Oscar J.; Park, Eddie; Preall, Jonathan B.; Presaud, Kimberly; Ribeca, Paolo; Robyr, Daniel; Ruan, Xiaoan; Sammeth, Michael; Sandhu, Kuljeet Singh; Schaeffer, Lorain; See, Lei Hoon; Shahab, Atif; Skancke, Jorgen; Suzuki, Ana Maria; Takahashi, Hazuki; Tilgner, Hagen; Trout, Diane; Walters, Nathalie; Wang, Huaien; Hayashizaki, Yoshihide; Reymond, Alexandre; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Hannon, Gregory J.; Ruan, Yijun; Carninci, Piero; Sloan, Cricket A.; Learned, Katrina; Malladi, Venkat S.; Wong, Matthew C.; Barber, Galt P.; Cline, Melissa S.; Dreszer, Timothy R.; Heitner, Steven G.; Karolchik, Donna; Kirkup, Vanessa M.; Meyer, Laurence R.; Long, Jeffrey C.; Maddren, Morgan; Raney, Brian J.; Grasfeder, Linda L.; Giresi, Paul G.; Battenhouse, Anna; Sheffield, Nathan C.; Showers, Kimberly A.; London, Darin; Bhinge, Akshay A.; Shestak, Christopher; Schaner, Matthew R.; Kim, Seul Ki; Zhang, Zhuzhu Z.; Mieczkowski, Piotr A.; Mieczkowska, Joanna O.; Liu, Zheng; McDaniell, Ryan M.; Ni, Yunyun; Rashid, Naim U.; Kim, Min Jae; Adar, Sheera; Zhang, Zhancheng; Wang, Tianyuan; Winter, Deborah; Keefe, Damian; Iyer, Vishwanath R.; Zheng, Meizhen; Wang, Ping; Gertz, Jason; Vielmetter, Jost; Partridge, E. Christopher; Varley, Katherine E.; Gasper, Clarke; Bansal, Anita; Pepke, Shirley; Jain, Preti; Amrhein, Henry; Bowling, Kevin M.; Anaya, Michael; Cross, Marie K.; Muratet, Michael A.; Newberry, Kimberly M.; McCue, Kenneth; Nesmith, Amy S.; Fisher-Aylor, Katherine I.; Pusey, Barbara; DeSalvo, Gilberto; Parker, Stephanie L.; Balasubramanian, Sreeram; Davis, Nicholas S.; Meadows, Sarah K.; Eggleston, Tracy; Newberry, J. Scott; Levy, Shawn E.; Absher, Devin M.; Wong, Wing H.; Blow, Matthew J.; Visel, Axel; Pennachio, Len A.; Petrykowska, Hanna M.; Abyzov, Alexej; Aken, Bronwen; Barrell, Daniel; Barson, Gemma; Berry, Andrew; Bignell, Alexandra; Boychenko, Veronika; Bussotti, Giovanni; Davidson, Claire; Despacio-Reyes, Gloria; Diekhans, Mark; Ezkurdia, Iakes; Frankish, Adam; Gilbert, James; Gonzalez, Jose Manuel; Griffiths, Ed; Harte, Rachel; Hendrix, David A.; Hunt, Toby; Jungreis, Irwin; Kay, Mike; Khurana, Ekta; Leng, Jing; Lin, Michael F.; Loveland, Jane; Lu, Zhi; Manthravadi, Deepa; Mariotti, Marco; Mudge, Jonathan; Mukherjee, Gaurab; Notredame, Cedric; Pei, Baikang; Rodriguez, Jose Manuel; Saunders, Gary; Sboner, Andrea; Searle, Stephen; Sisu, Cristina; Snow, Catherine; Steward, Charlie; Tapanari, Electra; Tress, Michael L.; Van Baren, Marijke J.; Washietl, Stefan; Wilming, Laurens; Zadissa, Amonida; Zhang, Zhengdong; Brent, Michael; Haussler, David; Valencia, Alfonso; Addleman, Nick; Alexander, Roger P.; Auerbach, Raymond K.; Balasubramanian, Suganthi; Bettinger, Keith; Bhardwaj, Nitin; Boyle, Alan P.; Cao, Alina R.; Cayting, Philip; Charos, Alexandra; Cheng, Yong; Eastman, Catharine; Euskirchen, Ghia; Fleming, Joseph D.; Grubert, Fabian; Habegger, Lukas; Hariharan, Manoj; Harmanci, Arif; Iyengar, Sushma; Jin, Victor X.; Karczewski, Konrad J.; Kasowski, Maya; Lacroute, Phil; Lam, Hugo; Lamarre-Vincent, Nathan; Lian, Jin; Lindahl-Allen, Marianne; Min, Renqiang; Miotto, Benoit; Monahan, Hannah; Moqtaderi, Zarmik; Mu, Xinmeng J.; O'Geen, Henriette; Ouyang, Zhengqing; Patacsil, Dorrelyn; Raha, Debasish; Ramirez, Lucia; Reed, Brian; Shi, Minyi; Slifer, Teri; Witt, Heather; Wu, Linfeng; Xu, Xiaoqin; Yan, Koon Kiu; Yang, Xinqiong; Struhl, Kevin; Weissman, Sherman M.; Penalva, Luiz O.; Karmakar, Subhradip; Bhanvadia, Raj R.; Choudhury, Alina; Domanus, Marc; Ma, Lijia; Moran, Jennifer; Victorsen, Alec; Auer, Thomas; Centanin, Lazaro; Eichenlaub, Michael; Gruhl, Franziska; Heermann, Stephan; Hoeckendorf, Burkhard; Inoue, Daigo; Kellner, Tanja; Kirchmaier, Stephan; Mueller, Claudia; Reinhardt, Robert; Schertel, Lea; Schneider, Stephanie; Sinn, Rebecca; Wittbrodt, Beate; Wittbrodt, Jochen; Jain, Gaurav; Balasundaram, Gayathri; Bates, Daniel L.; Byron, Rachel; Canfield, Theresa K.; Diegel, Morgan J.; Dunn, Douglas; Ebersol, Abigail K.; Frum, Tristan; Garg, Kavita; Gist, Erica; Hansen, R. Scott; Boatman, Lisa; Haugen, Eric; Humbert, Richard; Johnson, Audra K.; Johnson, Ericka M.; Kutyavin, Tattyana V.; Lee, Kristen; Lotakis, Dimitra; Maurano, Matthew T.; Neph, Shane J.; Neri, Fiedencio V.; Nguyen, Eric D.; Qu, Hongzhu; Reynolds, Alex P.; Roach, Vaughn; Rynes, Eric; Sanchez, Minerva E.; Sandstrom, Richard S.; Shafer, Anthony O.; Stergachis, Andrew B.; Thomas, Sean; Vernot, Benjamin; Vierstra, Jeff; Vong, Shinny; Wang, Hao; Weaver, Molly A.; Yan, Yongqi; Zhang, Miaohua; Akey, Joshua M.; Bender, Michael; Dorschner, Michael O.; Groudine, Mark; MacCoss, Michael J.; Navas, Patrick; Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Beal, Kathryn; Brazma, Alvis; Flicek, Paul; Johnson, Nathan; Lukk, Margus; Luscombe, Nicholas M.; Sobral, Daniel; Vaquerizas, Juan M.; Batzoglou, Serafim; Sidow, Arend; Hussami, Nadine; Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, Sofia; Libbrecht, Max W.; Schaub, Marc A.; Miller, Webb; Bickel, Peter J.; Banfai, Balazs; Boley, Nathan P.; Huang, Haiyan; Li, Jingyi Jessica; Noble, William Stafford; Bilmes, Jeffrey A.; Buske, Orion J.; Sahu, Avinash D.; Kharchenko, Peter V.; Park, Peter J.; Baker, Dannon; Taylor, James; Lochovsky, Lucas.
In: Nature, Vol. 489, No. 7414, 06.09.2012, p. 57-74.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome
AU - Correction Dunham, Ian
AU - Kundaje, Anshul
AU - Aldred, Shelley F.
AU - Collins, Patrick J.
AU - Davis, Carrie A.
AU - Doyle, Francis
AU - Epstein, Charles B.
AU - Frietze, Seth
AU - Harrow, Jennifer
AU - Kaul, Rajinder
AU - Khatun, Jainab
AU - Lajoie, Bryan R.
AU - Landt, Stephen G.
AU - Lee, Bum Kyu
AU - Pauli, Florencia
AU - Rosenbloom, Kate R.
AU - Sabo, Peter
AU - Safi, Alexias
AU - Sanyal, Amartya
AU - Shoresh, Noam
AU - Simon, Jeremy M.
AU - Song, Lingyun
AU - Trinklein, Nathan D.
AU - Altshuler, Robert C.
AU - Birney, Ewan
AU - Brown, James B.
AU - Cheng, Chao
AU - Djebali, Sarah
AU - Dong, Xianjun
AU - Ernst, Jason
AU - Furey, Terrence S.
AU - Gerstein, Mark
AU - Giardine, Belinda
AU - Greven, Melissa
AU - Hardison, Ross C.
AU - Harris, Robert S.
AU - Herrero, Javier
AU - Hoffman, Michael M.
AU - Iyer, Sowmya
AU - Kellis, Manolis
AU - Kheradpour, Pouya
AU - Lassmann, Timo
AU - Li, Qunhua
AU - Lin, Xinying
AU - Marinov, Georgi K.
AU - Merkel, Angelika
AU - Mortazavi, Ali
AU - Parker, Stephen C J
AU - Reddy, Timothy E.
AU - Rozowsky, Joel
AU - Schlesinger, Felix
AU - Thurman, Robert E.
AU - Wang, Jie
AU - Ward, Lucas D.
AU - Whitfield, Troy W.
AU - Wilder, Steven P.
AU - Wu, Weisheng
AU - Xi, Hualin S.
AU - Yip, Kevin Y.
AU - Zhuang, Jiali
AU - Bernstein, Bradley E.
AU - Green, Eric D.
AU - Gunter, Chris
AU - Snyder, Michael
AU - Pazin, Michael J.
AU - Lowdon, Rebecca F.
AU - Dillon, Laura A L
AU - Adams, Leslie B.
AU - Kelly, Caroline J.
AU - Zhang, Julia
AU - Wexler, Judith R.
AU - Good, Peter J.
AU - Feingold, Elise A.
AU - Crawford, Gregory E.
AU - Dekker, Job
AU - Elnitski, Laura
AU - Farnham, Peggy J.
AU - Giddings, Morgan C.
AU - Gingeras, Thomas R.
AU - Guigó, Roderic
AU - Hubbard, Timothy J.
AU - Kent, W. James
AU - Lieb, Jason D.
AU - Margulies, Elliott H.
AU - Myers, Richard M.
AU - Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.
AU - Tenenbaum, Scott A.
AU - Weng, Zhiping
AU - White, Kevin P.
AU - Wold, Barbara
AU - Yu, Yanbao
AU - Wrobel, John
AU - Risk, Brian A.
AU - Gunawardena, Harsha P.
AU - Kuiper, Heather C.
AU - Maier, Christopher W.
AU - Xie, Ling
AU - Chen, Xian
AU - Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.
AU - Gillespie, Shawn
AU - Goren, Alon
AU - Ram, Oren
AU - Zhang, Xiaolan
AU - Wang, Li
AU - Issner, Robbyn
AU - Coyne, Michael J.
AU - Durham, Timothy
AU - Ku, Manching
AU - Truong, Thanh
AU - Eaton, Matthew L.
AU - Dobin, Alex
AU - Tanzer, Andrea
AU - Lagarde, Julien
AU - Lin, Wei
AU - Xue, Chenghai
AU - Williams, Brian A.
AU - Zaleski, Chris
AU - Röder, Maik
AU - Kokocinski, Felix
AU - Abdelhamid, Rehab F.
AU - Alioto, Tyler
AU - Antoshechkin, Igor
AU - Baer, Michael T.
AU - Batut, Philippe
AU - Bell, Ian
AU - Bell, Kimberly
AU - Chakrabortty, Sudipto
AU - Chrast, Jacqueline
AU - Curado, Joao
AU - Derrien, Thomas
AU - Drenkow, Jorg
AU - Dumais, Erica
AU - Dumais, Jackie
AU - Duttagupta, Radha
AU - Fastuca, Megan
AU - Fejes-Toth, Kata
AU - Ferreira, Pedro
AU - Foissac, Sylvain
AU - Fullwood, Melissa J.
AU - Gao, Hui
AU - Gonzalez, David
AU - Gordon, Assaf
AU - Howald, Cédric
AU - Jha, Sonali
AU - Johnson, Rory
AU - Kapranov, Philipp
AU - King, Brandon
AU - Kingswood, Colin
AU - Li, Guoliang
AU - Luo, Oscar J.
AU - Park, Eddie
AU - Preall, Jonathan B.
AU - Presaud, Kimberly
AU - Ribeca, Paolo
AU - Robyr, Daniel
AU - Ruan, Xiaoan
AU - Sammeth, Michael
AU - Sandhu, Kuljeet Singh
AU - Schaeffer, Lorain
AU - See, Lei Hoon
AU - Shahab, Atif
AU - Skancke, Jorgen
AU - Suzuki, Ana Maria
AU - Takahashi, Hazuki
AU - Tilgner, Hagen
AU - Trout, Diane
AU - Walters, Nathalie
AU - Wang, Huaien
AU - Hayashizaki, Yoshihide
AU - Reymond, Alexandre
AU - Antonarakis, Stylianos E.
AU - Hannon, Gregory J.
AU - Ruan, Yijun
AU - Carninci, Piero
AU - Sloan, Cricket A.
AU - Learned, Katrina
AU - Malladi, Venkat S.
AU - Wong, Matthew C.
AU - Barber, Galt P.
AU - Cline, Melissa S.
AU - Dreszer, Timothy R.
AU - Heitner, Steven G.
AU - Karolchik, Donna
AU - Kirkup, Vanessa M.
AU - Meyer, Laurence R.
AU - Long, Jeffrey C.
AU - Maddren, Morgan
AU - Raney, Brian J.
AU - Grasfeder, Linda L.
AU - Giresi, Paul G.
AU - Battenhouse, Anna
AU - Sheffield, Nathan C.
AU - Showers, Kimberly A.
AU - London, Darin
AU - Bhinge, Akshay A.
AU - Shestak, Christopher
AU - Schaner, Matthew R.
AU - Kim, Seul Ki
AU - Zhang, Zhuzhu Z.
AU - Mieczkowski, Piotr A.
AU - Mieczkowska, Joanna O.
AU - Liu, Zheng
AU - McDaniell, Ryan M.
AU - Ni, Yunyun
AU - Rashid, Naim U.
AU - Kim, Min Jae
AU - Adar, Sheera
AU - Zhang, Zhancheng
AU - Wang, Tianyuan
AU - Winter, Deborah
AU - Keefe, Damian
AU - Iyer, Vishwanath R.
AU - Zheng, Meizhen
AU - Wang, Ping
AU - Gertz, Jason
AU - Vielmetter, Jost
AU - Partridge, E. Christopher
AU - Varley, Katherine E.
AU - Gasper, Clarke
AU - Bansal, Anita
AU - Pepke, Shirley
AU - Jain, Preti
AU - Amrhein, Henry
AU - Bowling, Kevin M.
AU - Anaya, Michael
AU - Cross, Marie K.
AU - Muratet, Michael A.
AU - Newberry, Kimberly M.
AU - McCue, Kenneth
AU - Nesmith, Amy S.
AU - Fisher-Aylor, Katherine I.
AU - Pusey, Barbara
AU - DeSalvo, Gilberto
AU - Parker, Stephanie L.
AU - Balasubramanian, Sreeram
AU - Davis, Nicholas S.
AU - Meadows, Sarah K.
AU - Eggleston, Tracy
AU - Newberry, J. Scott
AU - Levy, Shawn E.
AU - Absher, Devin M.
AU - Wong, Wing H.
AU - Blow, Matthew J.
AU - Visel, Axel
AU - Pennachio, Len A.
AU - Petrykowska, Hanna M.
AU - Abyzov, Alexej
AU - Aken, Bronwen
AU - Barrell, Daniel
AU - Barson, Gemma
AU - Berry, Andrew
AU - Bignell, Alexandra
AU - Boychenko, Veronika
AU - Bussotti, Giovanni
AU - Davidson, Claire
AU - Despacio-Reyes, Gloria
AU - Diekhans, Mark
AU - Ezkurdia, Iakes
AU - Frankish, Adam
AU - Gilbert, James
AU - Gonzalez, Jose Manuel
AU - Griffiths, Ed
AU - Harte, Rachel
AU - Hendrix, David A.
AU - Hunt, Toby
AU - Jungreis, Irwin
AU - Kay, Mike
AU - Khurana, Ekta
AU - Leng, Jing
AU - Lin, Michael F.
AU - Loveland, Jane
AU - Lu, Zhi
AU - Manthravadi, Deepa
AU - Mariotti, Marco
AU - Mudge, Jonathan
AU - Mukherjee, Gaurab
AU - Notredame, Cedric
AU - Pei, Baikang
AU - Rodriguez, Jose Manuel
AU - Saunders, Gary
AU - Sboner, Andrea
AU - Searle, Stephen
AU - Sisu, Cristina
AU - Snow, Catherine
AU - Steward, Charlie
AU - Tapanari, Electra
AU - Tress, Michael L.
AU - Van Baren, Marijke J.
AU - Washietl, Stefan
AU - Wilming, Laurens
AU - Zadissa, Amonida
AU - Zhang, Zhengdong
AU - Brent, Michael
AU - Haussler, David
AU - Valencia, Alfonso
AU - Addleman, Nick
AU - Alexander, Roger P.
AU - Auerbach, Raymond K.
AU - Balasubramanian, Suganthi
AU - Bettinger, Keith
AU - Bhardwaj, Nitin
AU - Boyle, Alan P.
AU - Cao, Alina R.
AU - Cayting, Philip
AU - Charos, Alexandra
AU - Cheng, Yong
AU - Eastman, Catharine
AU - Euskirchen, Ghia
AU - Fleming, Joseph D.
AU - Grubert, Fabian
AU - Habegger, Lukas
AU - Hariharan, Manoj
AU - Harmanci, Arif
AU - Iyengar, Sushma
AU - Jin, Victor X.
AU - Karczewski, Konrad J.
AU - Kasowski, Maya
AU - Lacroute, Phil
AU - Lam, Hugo
AU - Lamarre-Vincent, Nathan
AU - Lian, Jin
AU - Lindahl-Allen, Marianne
AU - Min, Renqiang
AU - Miotto, Benoit
AU - Monahan, Hannah
AU - Moqtaderi, Zarmik
AU - Mu, Xinmeng J.
AU - O'Geen, Henriette
AU - Ouyang, Zhengqing
AU - Patacsil, Dorrelyn
AU - Raha, Debasish
AU - Ramirez, Lucia
AU - Reed, Brian
AU - Shi, Minyi
AU - Slifer, Teri
AU - Witt, Heather
AU - Wu, Linfeng
AU - Xu, Xiaoqin
AU - Yan, Koon Kiu
AU - Yang, Xinqiong
AU - Struhl, Kevin
AU - Weissman, Sherman M.
AU - Penalva, Luiz O.
AU - Karmakar, Subhradip
AU - Bhanvadia, Raj R.
AU - Choudhury, Alina
AU - Domanus, Marc
AU - Ma, Lijia
AU - Moran, Jennifer
AU - Victorsen, Alec
AU - Auer, Thomas
AU - Centanin, Lazaro
AU - Eichenlaub, Michael
AU - Gruhl, Franziska
AU - Heermann, Stephan
AU - Hoeckendorf, Burkhard
AU - Inoue, Daigo
AU - Kellner, Tanja
AU - Kirchmaier, Stephan
AU - Mueller, Claudia
AU - Reinhardt, Robert
AU - Schertel, Lea
AU - Schneider, Stephanie
AU - Sinn, Rebecca
AU - Wittbrodt, Beate
AU - Wittbrodt, Jochen
AU - Jain, Gaurav
AU - Balasundaram, Gayathri
AU - Bates, Daniel L.
AU - Byron, Rachel
AU - Canfield, Theresa K.
AU - Diegel, Morgan J.
AU - Dunn, Douglas
AU - Ebersol, Abigail K.
AU - Frum, Tristan
AU - Garg, Kavita
AU - Gist, Erica
AU - Hansen, R. Scott
AU - Boatman, Lisa
AU - Haugen, Eric
AU - Humbert, Richard
AU - Johnson, Audra K.
AU - Johnson, Ericka M.
AU - Kutyavin, Tattyana V.
AU - Lee, Kristen
AU - Lotakis, Dimitra
AU - Maurano, Matthew T.
AU - Neph, Shane J.
AU - Neri, Fiedencio V.
AU - Nguyen, Eric D.
AU - Qu, Hongzhu
AU - Reynolds, Alex P.
AU - Roach, Vaughn
AU - Rynes, Eric
AU - Sanchez, Minerva E.
AU - Sandstrom, Richard S.
AU - Shafer, Anthony O.
AU - Stergachis, Andrew B.
AU - Thomas, Sean
AU - Vernot, Benjamin
AU - Vierstra, Jeff
AU - Vong, Shinny
AU - Wang, Hao
AU - Weaver, Molly A.
AU - Yan, Yongqi
AU - Zhang, Miaohua
AU - Akey, Joshua M.
AU - Bender, Michael
AU - Dorschner, Michael O.
AU - Groudine, Mark
AU - MacCoss, Michael J.
AU - Navas, Patrick
AU - Stamatoyannopoulos, George
AU - Beal, Kathryn
AU - Brazma, Alvis
AU - Flicek, Paul
AU - Johnson, Nathan
AU - Lukk, Margus
AU - Luscombe, Nicholas M.
AU - Sobral, Daniel
AU - Vaquerizas, Juan M.
AU - Batzoglou, Serafim
AU - Sidow, Arend
AU - Hussami, Nadine
AU - Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, Sofia
AU - Libbrecht, Max W.
AU - Schaub, Marc A.
AU - Miller, Webb
AU - Bickel, Peter J.
AU - Banfai, Balazs
AU - Boley, Nathan P.
AU - Huang, Haiyan
AU - Li, Jingyi Jessica
AU - Noble, William Stafford
AU - Bilmes, Jeffrey A.
AU - Buske, Orion J.
AU - Sahu, Avinash D.
AU - Kharchenko, Peter V.
AU - Park, Peter J.
AU - Baker, Dannon
AU - Taylor, James
AU - Lochovsky, Lucas
PY - 2012/9/6
Y1 - 2012/9/6
N2 - The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.
AB - The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84865790047&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/nature11247
DO - 10.1038/nature11247
M3 - Article
C2 - 22955616
AN - SCOPUS:84865790047
VL - 489
SP - 57
EP - 74
JO - Nature
JF - Nature
SN - 0028-0836
IS - 7414
ER -